Pidginization and Creolization of Languages

African American appear basic become borrowing called Caribbean century colonial communication comparative complex conference considered continuum contrast copula course creole languages creolization cultural dialect discussion distinct Dutch elements English European evidence example existence expression fact final French function given grammar Hall historical important Indian indicate influence involved islands Jamaican kind known later learning least less lexical linguistic Marathi means native nature Negro normal noted occur origin patterns perhaps person Philippine pidgins and creoles Portuguese position possible present Press probably problems question reference result rules seems semantic similar situation slaves social society sociolinguistic Spanish speak speakers speech spoken Sranan standard structure suggest Surinam talk theory tion University variable variation varieties verb vocabulary West World York